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Ginger: named references and referenced in === Breast cancer and ginger === + === Colon cancer and ginger === + === Ovarian cancer and ginger === + === Pancreatic cancer and ginger ===
(replicated === Lung cancer and ginger === to #Leukemia and #Lung cancer)
(Ginger: named references and referenced in === Breast cancer and ginger === + === Colon cancer and ginger === + === Ovarian cancer and ginger === + === Pancreatic cancer and ginger ===)
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* [https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-11-129 'Boswellia sacra essential oil induces tumor cell-specific apoptosis and suppresses tumor aggressiveness in cultured human breast cancer cells'], a 2011 in vitro study
* [https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-11-129 'Boswellia sacra essential oil induces tumor cell-specific apoptosis and suppresses tumor aggressiveness in cultured human breast cancer cells'], a 2011 in vitro study


=== Breast cancer and ginger ===
{{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref name=""BBCGinger2003"/><ref name="GingerolColonCancer2009"/> breast tissue,
<ref name="BreastCancerGingerol2008"/> ovaries,<ref name="OvarianCancerGinger2007"/>
and pancreas,<ref name=PancreasCancerGinger2006"/> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]] as of 2019-11}}
----
----
== Cervical cancer ==
== Cervical cancer ==
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=== Colon cancer and cannabis ===
=== Colon cancer and cannabis ===
* [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/cancercolorectal.htm Extensive compendium of research about colon cancer and cannabis at calgarycmmc.com]
* [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/cancercolorectal.htm Extensive compendium of research about colon cancer and cannabis at calgarycmmc.com]
=== Colon cancer and ginger ===
{{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref name=""BBCGinger2003"/><ref name="GingerolColonCancer2009"/> breast tissue,
<ref name="BreastCancerGingerol2008"/> ovaries,<ref name="OvarianCancerGinger2007"/>
and pancreas,<ref name=PancreasCancerGinger2006"/> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]] as of 2019-11}}


----
----
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* [https://www.healthy-holistic-living.com/frankincense-oil-use/ 'Frankincense oil kills cancer cells while boosting the immune system, studies show'] a 2016 article by Dr. Josh Axe at healthy-holistic-living.com
* [https://www.healthy-holistic-living.com/frankincense-oil-use/ 'Frankincense oil kills cancer cells while boosting the immune system, studies show'] a 2016 article by Dr. Josh Axe at healthy-holistic-living.com
* [https://www.getholistichealth.com/78078/frankincense-outperform-chemo-killing-ovarian-cancer-cells/ 'Frankincense found to outperform chemo in killing Ovarian Cancer cells'] 2019 popular article on GetHolisticHealth.com
* [https://www.getholistichealth.com/78078/frankincense-outperform-chemo-killing-ovarian-cancer-cells/ 'Frankincense found to outperform chemo in killing Ovarian Cancer cells'] 2019 popular article on GetHolisticHealth.com
=== Ovarian cancer and ginger ===
{{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref name=""BBCGinger2003"/><ref name="GingerolColonCancer2009"/> breast tissue,
<ref name="BreastCancerGingerol2008"/> ovaries,<ref name="OvarianCancerGinger2007"/>
and pancreas,<ref name=PancreasCancerGinger2006"/> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]] as of 2019-11}}
----
----
== Pancreatic cancer ==
== Pancreatic cancer ==
=== Pancreatic cancer and cannabis ===
=== Pancreatic cancer and cannabis ===


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* [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41388-018-0390-1 'GPR55 signalling promotes proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and tumour growth in mice, and its inhibition increases effects of gemcitabine'], a 2018 study published in [[w:Oncogene (journal)|Oncogene]]. Forbes.com news item on the study [https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2018/07/31/study-cbd-from-marijuana-plus-chemotherapy-triples-cancer-survival-rates-in-mice/ 'Study: CBD From Marijuana Plus Chemotherapy Tripled Cancer Survival Rates In Mice']  
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41388-018-0390-1 'GPR55 signalling promotes proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and tumour growth in mice, and its inhibition increases effects of gemcitabine'], a 2018 study published in [[w:Oncogene (journal)|Oncogene]]. Forbes.com news item on the study [https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2018/07/31/study-cbd-from-marijuana-plus-chemotherapy-triples-cancer-survival-rates-in-mice/ 'Study: CBD From Marijuana Plus Chemotherapy Tripled Cancer Survival Rates In Mice']  


=== Pancreatic cancer and ginger ===
{{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref name=""BBCGinger2003"/><ref name="GingerolColonCancer2009"/> breast tissue,
<ref name="BreastCancerGingerol2008"/> ovaries,<ref name="OvarianCancerGinger2007"/>
and pancreas,<ref name=PancreasCancerGinger2006"/> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]] as of 2019-11}}
----
----
== Prostate cancer ==
== Prostate cancer ==
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Ginger is in the [[w:family (taxonomy)|family]] [[w:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]], which also includes [[w:turmeric|turmeric]] (''Curcuma longa''), [[w:cardamom|cardamom]] (''Elettaria cardamomum''), and [[w:galangal|galangal]].<ref name=WikipediaGinger2019-11"/>
Ginger is in the [[w:family (taxonomy)|family]] [[w:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]], which also includes [[w:turmeric|turmeric]] (''Curcuma longa''), [[w:cardamom|cardamom]] (''Elettaria cardamomum''), and [[w:galangal|galangal]].<ref name=WikipediaGinger2019-11"/>
{{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref name=""BBCGinger2003">
{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3221547.stm
|date=October 29, 2003
|title=Ginger 'could halt bowel cancer'
|publisher=[[w:BBC News]]
}}</ref>
<ref name="GingerolColonCancer2009">
{{cite journal
|last1=Jeong
|first1=C.-H.
|last2=Bode
|first2=A. M.
|last3=Pugliese
|first3=A.
|last4=Cho
|first4=Y.-Y.
|last5=Kim
|first5=H.-G.
|last6=Shim
|first6=J.-H.
|last7=Jeon
|first7=Y.-J.
|last8=Li
|first8=H.
|last9=Jiang
|first9=H.
|last10=Dong
|first10=Z.
|title=[6]-Gingerol Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth by Targeting Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase
|journal=Cancer Research
|volume=69
|issue=13
|pages=5584–91
|year=2009
|pmid=19531649
|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0491|display-authors=8
}}</ref> breast tissue,
<ref name="BreastCancerGingerol2008">
{{cite journal
|last1=Lee
|first1=H
|last2=Seo
|first2=E
|last3=Kang
|first3=N
|last4=Kim
|first4=W
|title=[6&#93;-Gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells
|journal=The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
|volume=19
|issue=5
|pages=313–9
|year=2008
|pmid=17683926
|doi=10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.008
}}</ref> ovaries,
<ref name="OvarianCancerGinger2007">
{{cite journal
|last1=Rhode
|first1=Jennifer
|last2=Fogoros
|first2=Sarah
|last3=Zick
|first3=Suzanna
|last4=Wahl
|first4=Heather
|last5=Griffith
|first5=Kent A
|last6=Huang
|first6=Jennifer
|last7=Liu
|first7=J Rebecca
|title=Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells
|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
|volume=7
|pages=44
|year=2007
|pmid=18096028
|pmc=2241638
|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-7-44
}}</ref> and pancreas,<ref name=PancreasCancerGinger2006">
{{cite journal
|last1=Park
|first1=Yon Jung
|last2=Wen
|first2=Jing
|last3=Bang
|first3=Seungmin
|last4=Park
|first4=Seung Woo
|last5=Song
|first5=Si Young
|title=[6&#93;-Gingerol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Death of Mutant p53-expressing Pancreatic Cancer Cells
|journal=Yonsei Medical Journal
|volume=47
|issue=5
|pages=688–97
|year=2006
|pmid=17066513
|pmc=2687755
|doi=10.3349/ymj.2006.47.5.688
}}</ref> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]]  as of 2019-11}}


''' Links about ginger '''
''' Links about ginger '''
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* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328491516_6-gingerol_content_of_ginger_Zingiber_officinale_Roscoe_by_different_drying_metthods '6-gingerol content of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by different drying methods'], a 2018 study presented at the 2018 International Congress on Botanical research in Tropical Asia
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328491516_6-gingerol_content_of_ginger_Zingiber_officinale_Roscoe_by_different_drying_metthods '6-gingerol content of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by different drying methods'], a 2018 study presented at the 2018 International Congress on Botanical research in Tropical Asia


== Chemistry of ginger ==
=== Chemistry of ginger ===
The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from [[w:volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[w:essential oil|oils]] that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of [[w:zingerone|zingerone]], [[w:shogao|l]]s, and [[w:gingerol|gingerol]]s with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound.<ref name="an">{{cite journal|displayauthors=3|vauthors=An K, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G|year=2016|title=Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure|url=|journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chem.]]|volume=197|issue=Part B|pages=1292–300|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033|pmid=26675871|via=}}</ref> Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma.<ref name=an/> Shagoals are more pungent and have higher antioxidant activity but not found in raw ginger, but is formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity.<ref name=an/><ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger#Chemistry</ref>
The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from [[w:volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[w:essential oil|oils]] that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of [[w:zingerone|zingerone]], [[w:shogao|l]]s, and [[w:gingerol|gingerol]]s with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound.<ref name="an">{{cite journal|displayauthors=3|vauthors=An K, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G|year=2016|title=Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure|url=|journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chem.]]|volume=197|issue=Part B|pages=1292–300|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033|pmid=26675871|via=}}</ref> Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma.<ref name=an/> Shagoals are more pungent and have higher antioxidant activity but not found in raw ginger, but is formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity.<ref name=an/><ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger#Chemistry</ref>


Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme [[w:zingibain|zingibain]] which is a [[w:cysteine protease|cysteine protease]] and has similar properties to [[w:rennet|rennet]].<ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11"/>
Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme [[w:zingibain|zingibain]] which is a [[w:cysteine protease|cysteine protease]] and has similar properties to [[w:rennet|rennet]].<ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11"/>
{{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3221547.stm |date=October 29, 2003 |title=Ginger 'could halt bowel cancer' |publisher=[[w:BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=C.-H. |last2=Bode |first2=A. M. |last3=Pugliese |first3=A. |last4=Cho |first4=Y.-Y. |last5=Kim |first5=H.-G. |last6=Shim |first6=J.-H. |last7=Jeon |first7=Y.-J. |last8=Li |first8=H. |last9=Jiang |first9=H. |last10=Dong |first10=Z. |title=[6]-Gingerol Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth by Targeting Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase |journal=Cancer Research |volume=69 |issue=13 |pages=5584–91 |year=2009 |pmid=19531649 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0491|display-authors=8 }}</ref> breast tissue,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=H |last2=Seo |first2=E |last3=Kang |first3=N |last4=Kim |first4=W |title=[6&#93;-Gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells |journal=The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=313–9 |year=2008 |pmid=17683926 |doi=10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.008}}</ref> ovaries,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rhode |first1=Jennifer |last2=Fogoros |first2=Sarah |last3=Zick |first3=Suzanna |last4=Wahl |first4=Heather |last5=Griffith |first5=Kent A |last6=Huang |first6=Jennifer |last7=Liu |first7=J Rebecca |title=Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=7 |pages=44 |year=2007 |pmid=18096028 |pmc=2241638 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-7-44}}</ref> and pancreas,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Yon Jung |last2=Wen |first2=Jing |last3=Bang |first3=Seungmin |last4=Park |first4=Seung Woo |last5=Song |first5=Si Young |title=[6&#93;-Gingerol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Death of Mutant p53-expressing Pancreatic Cancer Cells |journal=Yonsei Medical Journal |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=688–97 |year=2006 |pmid=17066513 |pmc=2687755 |doi=10.3349/ymj.2006.47.5.688}}</ref> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]]  as of 2019-11}}


[[File:Gingembre.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ginger [[w:rhizome|rhizome]] (root)]]
[[File:Gingembre.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ginger [[w:rhizome|rhizome]] (root)]]
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