Jump to content

Please sign and share the petition 'Tighten regulation on taking, making and faking explicit images' at Change.org initiated by Helen Mort to the w:Law Commission (England and Wales) to properly update UK laws against synthetic filth. Only name and email required to support, no nationality requirement. See Current and possible laws and their application @ #SSF! wiki for more info on the struggle for laws to protect humans.

Wiki.study content has been moved to Wiki.study at Consumerium.org development wiki. The wiki.study domain will expired on 2020-09-11.

Natural therapeutics: Difference between revisions

Natural therapeutics (view source)

Revision as of 12:39, 11 December 2019

No change in size ,  11 December 2019
moved = Cannabis down =
(= Autism = + == Autism and cannabis == people have had wonderful results with cannabis)
(moved = Cannabis down =)
Line 119: Line 119:
* [https://www.getholistichealth.com/78078/frankincense-outperform-chemo-killing-ovarian-cancer-cells/ 'Frankincense found to outperform chemo in killing Ovarian Cancer cells'] 2019 popular article on GetHolisticHealth.com
* [https://www.getholistichealth.com/78078/frankincense-outperform-chemo-killing-ovarian-cancer-cells/ 'Frankincense found to outperform chemo in killing Ovarian Cancer cells'] 2019 popular article on GetHolisticHealth.com


= Cannabis =
'''Cannabis''' is the oldest and most versatile medicine known to humankind.
'''[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]''' and '''[[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]]''' are the main cannabis variants though most strains are mixes of these. A third cannabis line is the '''[[w:Cannabis ruderalis|Cannabis ruderalis]]''', a rugged northern cannabis that has adapted to flower even under northern long summer days.
== The endocannabinoid system ==
''' Main article in wikipedia [[w:Endocannabinoid system|Endocannabinoid system]]'''
Endocannabinoids are synthesized by our own bodies from '''[[w:Arachidonic acid|Arachidonic acid]]''', an essential [[w:Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[w:Omega-6 fatty acid|Omega-6 fatty acid]]<ref name=wakeup-world-com>https://wakeup-world.com/2014/09/08/the-endocannabinoid-system-and-how-thc-cures-cancer/</ref>.
'''Scientific articles about the endocannabinoid system'''
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551849/ 'Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease--successes and failures'], a 2013 scientific article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042796/ 'Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control' (Review)], a 2016 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 systematic review
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 study
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
* [http://www.neuronalsignaling.org/content/2/4/NS20170144 'Potential for endocannabinoid system modulation in ocular pain and inflammation: filling the gaps in current pharmacological options'], a 2018 article
* [https://www.intechopen.com/books/cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease/dietary-omega-6-omega-3-and-endocannabinoids-implications-for-brain-health-and-diseases 'Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases'], a 2016 peer-reviewed chapter.
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42369817_Endocannabinoids_and_pregnancy 'Endocannabinoids and pregnancy'], a 2010 literature review
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190206115550.htm 'Endocannabinoid system, a target to improve cognitive disorders in models of Down syndrome'], a 2019 animal model study found downregulating CB1 receptors beneficial for the mice.
* [https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator 'The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator'], a 2018 undergraduate research paper published in the Journal of Young Investigators
''' Articles about the endocannabinoid system '''
* [https://norml.org/library/item/introduction-to-the-endocannabinoid-system 'Introduction to the Endocannabinoid System'] at [[w:National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws|NORML]] (.org)
* [https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/endocannabinoid-basics/ 'Endocannabinoid Basics' at MedicinalGenomics.com]
* [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2017/08/05/endocannabinoids-beyond-the-brain/ Endocannabinoids – Beyond the Brain]  is a good 2017 article on the Hemp Edification blog] adapted from [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/your-body-is-teeming-with-weed-receptors-31233 Your Body Is Teeming with Weed Receptors, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] and [https://www.the-scientist.com/multimedia/endocannabinoids-in-the-groove-31240 Endocannabinoids in the Groove, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com]
* http://profofpot.com/endocannabinoid-receptors/
=== The endocannabinoid receptors ===
[[File:Stock-vector-human-endocannabinoid-system-target-active-in-male-and-female-body-1237262152.jpg|thumb|right|520px|Prevalence of endocannabinoid receptors in the human body. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
Human body contains 2 types of endocannabinoid [[w:Cannabinoid receptor|receptors]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]], but cannabinoids have interactions also on some other receptors.
==== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors ====
CB<sub>1</sub> receptors predominantly located in the nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and organs<ref name=p4mm>https://patients4medicalmarijuana.wordpress.com/2017/07/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/</ref>.
==== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors ====
CB<sub>2</sub> receptors, primarily found in the immune system and also present in the spleen, liver, heart, kidneys, bones, blood vessels, lymph cells, endocrine glands, and reproductive organs<ref name=p4mm/>.
=== Endocannabinoids ===
[[File:Anandamid.svg|thumb|200px|[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]], an endogenous [[w:ligand|ligand]] of CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>]]
The two main endocannabinoids are Anandamide and 2-AG.
==== Anandamide ====
[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]] was discovered in 1992 and it binds to both CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors. The name comes from the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] word 'Ananda' meaning 'bliss' and [[w:amide|amide]] from its chemistry.
It has been referred to as the endocannabinoid version of THC.
'''Synthesis''' of '''Anandamide''': Arachidonic acid -> Phosphatidylethanolamide + N-[[w:Acyltransferase|Acyltransferase]] -> N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine + [[w:Phospholipase D|Phospholipase D]] -> [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]]<ref name="EJR2017">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/</ref>
* [https://herb.co/marijuana/news/anandamide-aea Herb.co on Anandamide]
==== 2-AG ====
[[File:2-Ara-Gl.svg|thumb|right|200px|2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous [[w:agonist|agonist]] of the [[w:CB1 receptor|CB<sub>1</sub> receptor]].]]
[[w:2-Arachidonoylglycerol|2-Arachidonoylglycerol]] aka. 2-AG was discovered in 1994-1995.
'''Synthesis''' of '''2-AG''': Arachidonic acid -> [[w:Phosphatidylinositol|Phosphatidylinositol]] + [[w:Phospholipase C|Phospholipase C]]s -> [[w:Diacylglycerol]] + Diacylglycerol lipase -> [[w:2-AG|2-AG]]<ref name="EJR2017"/>
==== N-Arachidonoyl dopamine ====
[[w:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine|N-Arachidonoyl dopamine]] discovered in 2000.
==== 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether ====
[[w:2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether|2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether]] discovered in 2001.
==== Virodhamine ====
[[w:Virodhamine|Virodhamine]] discovered in 2002
==== Lysophosphatidylinositol ====
[[w:Lysophosphatidylinositol|Lysophosphatidylinositol]] is a contender to be the 6th endocannabinoid.
----
== Phytocannabinoids ==
[[File:Cannabis indica.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Female [[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]] plants. These are often good for pain relief producing a nice body stone.]]
Many people may know the 2 most prevalent phytocannabinoids, [[w:THC|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]].
''' Studies about phytocannabinoids '''
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729208 'Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.'], a 2009 article
* [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research/the-united-chemicals-of-cannabis-beneficial-effects-of-cannabis-phytochemicals-on-the-brain-and-cogn 'The United Chemicals of Cannabis: Beneficial Effects of Cannabis Phytochemicals on the Brain and Cognition'], a 2018 open-access peer-reviewed chapter in Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research
''' Links about phytocannabinoids '''
* [https://hightimes.com/guides/cannabinoids/ High Times article on cannabinoids]
* [https://www.hempgazette.com/medical-cannabis/cannabinoids-list/ HempGazette big list of cannabis cannabinoids]. Sourced from <ref name="Brenneisen2007">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2</ref>
'''List of known phytocannabinoids from [[w:Cannabinoid#Phytocannabinoids|Wikipedia]]''':
*[[#THC|THC]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]])
*[[#THCA|THCA]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid]])
*[[#CBD|CBD]]  ([[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]])
*[[#CBDA|CBDA]]  (Cannabidiolic Acid)
* [[#CBN|CBN]]  ([[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]])
* [[#CBG|CBG]]  ([[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]])
* [[#CBC|CBC]]  ([[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]])
* [[#CBL|CBL]]  ([[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]])
* [[#CBV|CBV]]  ([[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]])
* [[#THCV|THCV]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]])
* [[#CBDV|CBDV]] ([[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]])
* [[#CBCV|CBCV]] (Cannabichromevarin)
* [[#CBGV|CBGV]] (Cannabigerovarin)
* [[#CBGM|CBGM]] (Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether)
* [[#CBE|CBE]] (Cannabielsoin)
* [[#CBT|CBT]] (Cannabicitran)
=== THC ===
[[File:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] is a partial [[w:agonist|agonist]] of [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] located mainly in the [[w:central nervous system|central nervous system]], and the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptor mainly expressed in cells of the [[w:immune system|immune system]].]]
[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] was found in 1964<ref name="enwiki_thc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol</ref> and it is the main psychoactive compound that brings the 'high' most recreational users are chasing.
* [https://hightimes.com/health/science/thc-tetrahydrocannabinol/ Hightimes in-depth article on THC]
* [https://hightimes.com/culture/therapeutic-benefits-dabbing-delta-8-thc/ Hightimes article on Delta-8 THC]
=== THCA ===
[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] THCA is the what cannabis plants produce to fend off insects from harming it. In pure form THCA is a clear translucent crystalline of white color.
THC is produced from the raw THCA by a process called decarboxylation. Basically means to heat the stuff over certain temperature.
THCA found in raw marijuana apparently has some health enhancing properties. The issue is being researched.
* https://herb.co/news/health/raw-weed-benefits/
* https://herb.co/learn/eat-raw-weed-marijuana/
* https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/marijuanas-thc-a-as-an-anti-inflammatory-and-neuro-protectant/
=== CBD ===
[[File:Cannabidiol.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] has very low [[w:affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors  receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.]]
[[File:Stock-vector-hemp-cbd-wellness-and-your-body-health-benefits-of-cannabidiol-cbd-from-cannabis-hemp-marijuana-1266680014.jpg|thumb|right|540px|Health benefits of CBD. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] was isolated and identified from Cannabis sativa in 1940<ref name="enwiki_thc"/>. CBD is not psychoactive and it has the most medical applications of all phytocannabinoids.
{{Q|Cannabidiol has little affinity for [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:Receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.<ref name="recentadvances">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790147 |title=Cannabidiol – Recent Advances |year=2007 |last1=Mechoulam |first1=Raphael |last2=Peters |first2=Maximilian |last3=Murillo-Rodriguez |first3=Eric |last4=Hanuš |first4=Lumír O. |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1678–92 |pmid=17712814}}</ref>|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]}}
* [https://hightimes.com/health/cannabidiol-cbd/ Hightimes in detail piece on CBD]
* [https://www.leafly.com/news/strains-products/what-cannabis-strains-are-high-in-cbd Leafly lists strains high in CBD]
* [https://www.marijuanabreak.com/best-cbd-oils-pain-relief Piece on CBD as anti-pain agent (contains ads)]
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618308340?via%3Dihub 'Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors'], a 2019 study published in the [[w:Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry]]. Cannabidiol effects were mediated by CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors.
* [http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf WHO preliminary report on CBD]
=== CBDA ===
Cannabidiolic Acid is the raw form. Decarboxylating CBDA yields CBD.
* https://herb.co/learn/cbda/
=== CBN === 
[[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]] is a sleeping aid and has also other therapeutic qualities.
* https://www.leafly.com/news/science-tech/what-is-cbn-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-this-cannabinoid
* https://www.massroots.com/learn/cannabinol-cbn-cannabinoid/
* https://www.medicaljane.com/2013/08/19/cannabinol-cbn-will-put-you-to-bed/
=== CBG ===
[[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]
{{Q|Cannabigerol has been shown to promote [[w:apoptosis|apoptosis]] in cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in mice. It acts as an [[w:a2-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor]] agonist, [[w:5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] antagonist, and CB<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="pmid20002104">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x |title=Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist |year=2010 |last1=Cascio |first1=MG |last2=Gauson |first2=LA |last3=Stevenson |first3=LA |last4=Ross |first4=RA |last5=Pertwee |first5=RG |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=159 |pages=129–41 |pmid=20002104 |issue=1 |pmc=2823359}}</ref> It also binds to the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid20002104" />|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]}}
''' Links about CBG '''
* https://comparecbd.com/cbg/
=== CBC ===
[[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]]
=== CBL ===
[[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]]
=== CBV ===
[[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]]
=== THCV ===
[[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]] can be used to inhibit appetite.
''' Links about THCV '''
* http://herb.co/2017/04/14/tetrahydrocannabivarin-thcv/
=== CBDV ===
[[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]]
=== CBCV ===
Cannabichromevarin
=== CBGV ===
Cannabigerovarin
=== CBGM ===
Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether
=== CBE ===
Cannabielsoin
=== CBT ===
Cannabicitran
----
== Making cannabinoids with yeasts ==
Scientists have figured out how to splice the DNA of yeasts, so that they produce cannabinoids.<ref name="GlobalHealthTimes2019">http://globalhealthtimes.com/2019/03/06/scientists-are-making-thc-and-cbd-in-a-lab-without-growing/</ref>
----
== Cannflavins ==
'''[[w:Cannflavin|Cannaflavins]]''' '''A''' and '''B''' are very potent anti-inflammatory agents and thus help lessen the pain sensation originating from inflammation.
''' Links about cannflavins '''
* https://www.inverse.com/article/58027-cannflavins-a-and-b-in-cannabis-anti-inflammatory
----
== Terpenes in cannabis ==
'''Terpenes''' are a large and diverse [[w:Organic chemistry#Classification of organic compounds|class]] of [[w:organic compound|organic compound]]s, produced by a variety of [[w:plant|plant]]s, particularly [[w:Pinophyta|conifers]], and by some [[w:insect]]s.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones|author=Eberhard Breitmaier|year= 2006|isbn=9783527609949 |doi=10.1002/9783527609949|publisher=Wiley-VCH}}</ref>
'''Links about terpenes found in cannabis'''
* [http://www.bbhwithms.com/multiple-sclerosis-cannabis-its-all-about-the-terpenes/ 'Multiple Sclerosis & Cannabis: It’s All About The Terpenes'], a 2017 article
* [https://cannacon.org/15-terpenes-cannabis-explained/ '15 terpenes in cannabis explained'], a 2018 article by CannaCon.org
* [https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/terpenes 'Terpenes' by Fundación CANNA], a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific studies and cannabis testing
* [http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/mar/01/why-terpenes/ 'Why terpenes are becoming more important than THC'], a 2019 articleon the Spokesman.com
----
== Synthetic cannabinoids ==
'''[[w:Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]''' are a class of molecules that [[w:Binding affinity|bind]] to [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid receptor]]s in the body — the same receptors to which [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]] attach – which are [[w:cannabinoid|cannabinoid]]s in [[w:cannabis|cannabis]] plants. (Wikipedia)
'''Word of caution''': Many synthetic cannabinoids are '''dangerous''' and should not be administered by others than medical professionals.
* [[w:List of designer drugs#Synthetic cannabinoids|List of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
* [[w:Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids|Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
''' Links about synthetic cannabinoids '''
* [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/acea.htm CalgaryMMC.com lists ACEA] so this isn't one is probably not one of the harmful ones
'''[[w:Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide|Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide]]''' (ACEA) is a synthetic agonist of the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] receptor. (Wikipedia)
== Other plants that contain compounds that are active in cannabinoid receptors ==
# '''[[w:Echinacea|Echinacea]]''' contains N-alkyl[[w:amide|amide]]s, that function via cannabimemetics to provide immune-boosting and is also used to relieve anxiety, fatigue, migraines and arthritis.<ref name="LLF2018">https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/</ref>
# '''[[w:Black pepper|Black pepper]]''' contains high levels of the [[w:terpene|terpene]] called [[w:Caryophyllene|β-caryophyllene]] (BCP). BCP functions as a cannabinoid, and has a binding affinity with the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Flax|Flax]]''' (linen) seeds produce cannabinoid-like compounds very similar to CBD.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Cocoa bean|Cacao]]''' contains lots of magnesium, but also "happy-brain" chemicals like [[w:theobromine|theobromine]], [[w:phenethylamine|phenethylamine]], [[w:tryptophan|tryptophan]], and [[w:anandamide|anandamide]]. Cacao affects the endocannabinoid system by deactivating the enzyme called [[w:FAAH|FAAH]]. This enzyme breaks down the endocannabinoid known as anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Tuber melanosporum|Black truffle]]s''' contain anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Helichrysum|Helichrysum]] umbraculigerum''' contains cannabigerol (CBG).<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Rhododendron|Rhododendron]] anthopogonoides''' (Chinese Labrador) contains anthopogocyclolic acid and anthopogochromenic acid and five related compounds known as synthetic analogues of cannabinoids: [[w:cannabichromene|cannabichromene]] (CBC) type, [[w:cannabicyclol|cannabicyclol]] (CBL) type and cannabicitran (CBT) type, have been isolated together with geranyl orsellinic acid. <ref name="LLF2018"/>
#'''[[w:Marchantiophyta|Liverwort]]''' contains [[w:Perrottetinene|Perrottetinene]], a cannabinoid similar to THC.<ref name="NewsweekLiverwort2018">https://www.newsweek.com/medical-marijuana-moss-plant-acts-thc-cannabis-1184661</ref><ref name="LLF2018"/>
* https://herb.co/learn/non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
* https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
* https://www.marijuana.com/news/2017/05/9-plants-that-contain-therapeutic-cannabinoids/
----


= Cannabis therapeutics =
= Cannabis therapeutics =
Line 1,005: Line 751:


'''See also: [[#Cancers and cannabis|Cancers and cannabis]]''' (intra-article link)
'''See also: [[#Cancers and cannabis|Cancers and cannabis]]''' (intra-article link)
----
= Cannabis =
'''Cannabis''' is the oldest and most versatile medicine known to humankind.
'''[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]''' and '''[[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]]''' are the main cannabis variants though most strains are mixes of these. A third cannabis line is the '''[[w:Cannabis ruderalis|Cannabis ruderalis]]''', a rugged northern cannabis that has adapted to flower even under northern long summer days.
== The endocannabinoid system ==
''' Main article in wikipedia [[w:Endocannabinoid system|Endocannabinoid system]]'''
Endocannabinoids are synthesized by our own bodies from '''[[w:Arachidonic acid|Arachidonic acid]]''', an essential [[w:Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[w:Omega-6 fatty acid|Omega-6 fatty acid]]<ref name=wakeup-world-com>https://wakeup-world.com/2014/09/08/the-endocannabinoid-system-and-how-thc-cures-cancer/</ref>.
'''Scientific articles about the endocannabinoid system'''
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551849/ 'Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease--successes and failures'], a 2013 scientific article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042796/ 'Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control' (Review)], a 2016 article
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 systematic review
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 study
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
* [http://www.neuronalsignaling.org/content/2/4/NS20170144 'Potential for endocannabinoid system modulation in ocular pain and inflammation: filling the gaps in current pharmacological options'], a 2018 article
* [https://www.intechopen.com/books/cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease/dietary-omega-6-omega-3-and-endocannabinoids-implications-for-brain-health-and-diseases 'Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases'], a 2016 peer-reviewed chapter.
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42369817_Endocannabinoids_and_pregnancy 'Endocannabinoids and pregnancy'], a 2010 literature review
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190206115550.htm 'Endocannabinoid system, a target to improve cognitive disorders in models of Down syndrome'], a 2019 animal model study found downregulating CB1 receptors beneficial for the mice.
* [https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator 'The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator'], a 2018 undergraduate research paper published in the Journal of Young Investigators
''' Articles about the endocannabinoid system '''
* [https://norml.org/library/item/introduction-to-the-endocannabinoid-system 'Introduction to the Endocannabinoid System'] at [[w:National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws|NORML]] (.org)
* [https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/endocannabinoid-basics/ 'Endocannabinoid Basics' at MedicinalGenomics.com]
* [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2017/08/05/endocannabinoids-beyond-the-brain/ Endocannabinoids – Beyond the Brain]  is a good 2017 article on the Hemp Edification blog] adapted from [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/your-body-is-teeming-with-weed-receptors-31233 Your Body Is Teeming with Weed Receptors, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] and [https://www.the-scientist.com/multimedia/endocannabinoids-in-the-groove-31240 Endocannabinoids in the Groove, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com]
* http://profofpot.com/endocannabinoid-receptors/
=== The endocannabinoid receptors ===
[[File:Stock-vector-human-endocannabinoid-system-target-active-in-male-and-female-body-1237262152.jpg|thumb|right|520px|Prevalence of endocannabinoid receptors in the human body. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
Human body contains 2 types of endocannabinoid [[w:Cannabinoid receptor|receptors]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]], but cannabinoids have interactions also on some other receptors.
==== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors ====
CB<sub>1</sub> receptors predominantly located in the nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and organs<ref name=p4mm>https://patients4medicalmarijuana.wordpress.com/2017/07/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/</ref>.
==== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors ====
CB<sub>2</sub> receptors, primarily found in the immune system and also present in the spleen, liver, heart, kidneys, bones, blood vessels, lymph cells, endocrine glands, and reproductive organs<ref name=p4mm/>.
=== Endocannabinoids ===
[[File:Anandamid.svg|thumb|200px|[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]], an endogenous [[w:ligand|ligand]] of CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>]]
The two main endocannabinoids are Anandamide and 2-AG.
==== Anandamide ====
[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]] was discovered in 1992 and it binds to both CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors. The name comes from the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] word 'Ananda' meaning 'bliss' and [[w:amide|amide]] from its chemistry.
It has been referred to as the endocannabinoid version of THC.
'''Synthesis''' of '''Anandamide''': Arachidonic acid -> Phosphatidylethanolamide + N-[[w:Acyltransferase|Acyltransferase]] -> N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine + [[w:Phospholipase D|Phospholipase D]] -> [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]]<ref name="EJR2017">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/</ref>
* [https://herb.co/marijuana/news/anandamide-aea Herb.co on Anandamide]
==== 2-AG ====
[[File:2-Ara-Gl.svg|thumb|right|200px|2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous [[w:agonist|agonist]] of the [[w:CB1 receptor|CB<sub>1</sub> receptor]].]]
[[w:2-Arachidonoylglycerol|2-Arachidonoylglycerol]] aka. 2-AG was discovered in 1994-1995.
'''Synthesis''' of '''2-AG''': Arachidonic acid -> [[w:Phosphatidylinositol|Phosphatidylinositol]] + [[w:Phospholipase C|Phospholipase C]]s -> [[w:Diacylglycerol]] + Diacylglycerol lipase -> [[w:2-AG|2-AG]]<ref name="EJR2017"/>
==== N-Arachidonoyl dopamine ====
[[w:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine|N-Arachidonoyl dopamine]] discovered in 2000.
==== 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether ====
[[w:2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether|2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether]] discovered in 2001.
==== Virodhamine ====
[[w:Virodhamine|Virodhamine]] discovered in 2002
==== Lysophosphatidylinositol ====
[[w:Lysophosphatidylinositol|Lysophosphatidylinositol]] is a contender to be the 6th endocannabinoid.
----
== Phytocannabinoids ==
[[File:Cannabis indica.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Female [[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]] plants. These are often good for pain relief producing a nice body stone.]]
Many people may know the 2 most prevalent phytocannabinoids, [[w:THC|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]].
''' Studies about phytocannabinoids '''
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729208 'Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.'], a 2009 article
* [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research/the-united-chemicals-of-cannabis-beneficial-effects-of-cannabis-phytochemicals-on-the-brain-and-cogn 'The United Chemicals of Cannabis: Beneficial Effects of Cannabis Phytochemicals on the Brain and Cognition'], a 2018 open-access peer-reviewed chapter in Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research
''' Links about phytocannabinoids '''
* [https://hightimes.com/guides/cannabinoids/ High Times article on cannabinoids]
* [https://www.hempgazette.com/medical-cannabis/cannabinoids-list/ HempGazette big list of cannabis cannabinoids]. Sourced from <ref name="Brenneisen2007">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2</ref>
'''List of known phytocannabinoids from [[w:Cannabinoid#Phytocannabinoids|Wikipedia]]''':
*[[#THC|THC]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]])
*[[#THCA|THCA]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid]])
*[[#CBD|CBD]]  ([[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]])
*[[#CBDA|CBDA]]  (Cannabidiolic Acid)
* [[#CBN|CBN]]  ([[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]])
* [[#CBG|CBG]]  ([[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]])
* [[#CBC|CBC]]  ([[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]])
* [[#CBL|CBL]]  ([[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]])
* [[#CBV|CBV]]  ([[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]])
* [[#THCV|THCV]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]])
* [[#CBDV|CBDV]] ([[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]])
* [[#CBCV|CBCV]] (Cannabichromevarin)
* [[#CBGV|CBGV]] (Cannabigerovarin)
* [[#CBGM|CBGM]] (Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether)
* [[#CBE|CBE]] (Cannabielsoin)
* [[#CBT|CBT]] (Cannabicitran)
=== THC ===
[[File:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] is a partial [[w:agonist|agonist]] of [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] located mainly in the [[w:central nervous system|central nervous system]], and the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptor mainly expressed in cells of the [[w:immune system|immune system]].]]
[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] was found in 1964<ref name="enwiki_thc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol</ref> and it is the main psychoactive compound that brings the 'high' most recreational users are chasing.
* [https://hightimes.com/health/science/thc-tetrahydrocannabinol/ Hightimes in-depth article on THC]
* [https://hightimes.com/culture/therapeutic-benefits-dabbing-delta-8-thc/ Hightimes article on Delta-8 THC]
=== THCA ===
[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] THCA is the what cannabis plants produce to fend off insects from harming it. In pure form THCA is a clear translucent crystalline of white color.
THC is produced from the raw THCA by a process called decarboxylation. Basically means to heat the stuff over certain temperature.
THCA found in raw marijuana apparently has some health enhancing properties. The issue is being researched.
* https://herb.co/news/health/raw-weed-benefits/
* https://herb.co/learn/eat-raw-weed-marijuana/
* https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/marijuanas-thc-a-as-an-anti-inflammatory-and-neuro-protectant/
=== CBD ===
[[File:Cannabidiol.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] has very low [[w:affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors  receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.]]
[[File:Stock-vector-hemp-cbd-wellness-and-your-body-health-benefits-of-cannabidiol-cbd-from-cannabis-hemp-marijuana-1266680014.jpg|thumb|right|540px|Health benefits of CBD. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] was isolated and identified from Cannabis sativa in 1940<ref name="enwiki_thc"/>. CBD is not psychoactive and it has the most medical applications of all phytocannabinoids.
{{Q|Cannabidiol has little affinity for [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:Receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.<ref name="recentadvances">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790147 |title=Cannabidiol – Recent Advances |year=2007 |last1=Mechoulam |first1=Raphael |last2=Peters |first2=Maximilian |last3=Murillo-Rodriguez |first3=Eric |last4=Hanuš |first4=Lumír O. |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1678–92 |pmid=17712814}}</ref>|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]}}
* [https://hightimes.com/health/cannabidiol-cbd/ Hightimes in detail piece on CBD]
* [https://www.leafly.com/news/strains-products/what-cannabis-strains-are-high-in-cbd Leafly lists strains high in CBD]
* [https://www.marijuanabreak.com/best-cbd-oils-pain-relief Piece on CBD as anti-pain agent (contains ads)]
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618308340?via%3Dihub 'Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors'], a 2019 study published in the [[w:Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry]]. Cannabidiol effects were mediated by CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors.
* [http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf WHO preliminary report on CBD]
=== CBDA ===
Cannabidiolic Acid is the raw form. Decarboxylating CBDA yields CBD.
* https://herb.co/learn/cbda/
=== CBN === 
[[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]] is a sleeping aid and has also other therapeutic qualities.
* https://www.leafly.com/news/science-tech/what-is-cbn-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-this-cannabinoid
* https://www.massroots.com/learn/cannabinol-cbn-cannabinoid/
* https://www.medicaljane.com/2013/08/19/cannabinol-cbn-will-put-you-to-bed/
=== CBG ===
[[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]
{{Q|Cannabigerol has been shown to promote [[w:apoptosis|apoptosis]] in cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in mice. It acts as an [[w:a2-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor]] agonist, [[w:5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] antagonist, and CB<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="pmid20002104">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x |title=Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist |year=2010 |last1=Cascio |first1=MG |last2=Gauson |first2=LA |last3=Stevenson |first3=LA |last4=Ross |first4=RA |last5=Pertwee |first5=RG |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=159 |pages=129–41 |pmid=20002104 |issue=1 |pmc=2823359}}</ref> It also binds to the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid20002104" />|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]}}
''' Links about CBG '''
* https://comparecbd.com/cbg/
=== CBC ===
[[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]]
=== CBL ===
[[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]]
=== CBV ===
[[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]]
=== THCV ===
[[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]] can be used to inhibit appetite.
''' Links about THCV '''
* http://herb.co/2017/04/14/tetrahydrocannabivarin-thcv/
=== CBDV ===
[[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]]
=== CBCV ===
Cannabichromevarin
=== CBGV ===
Cannabigerovarin
=== CBGM ===
Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether
=== CBE ===
Cannabielsoin
=== CBT ===
Cannabicitran
----
== Making cannabinoids with yeasts ==
Scientists have figured out how to splice the DNA of yeasts, so that they produce cannabinoids.<ref name="GlobalHealthTimes2019">http://globalhealthtimes.com/2019/03/06/scientists-are-making-thc-and-cbd-in-a-lab-without-growing/</ref>
----
== Cannflavins ==
'''[[w:Cannflavin|Cannaflavins]]''' '''A''' and '''B''' are very potent anti-inflammatory agents and thus help lessen the pain sensation originating from inflammation.
''' Links about cannflavins '''
* https://www.inverse.com/article/58027-cannflavins-a-and-b-in-cannabis-anti-inflammatory
----
== Terpenes in cannabis ==
'''Terpenes''' are a large and diverse [[w:Organic chemistry#Classification of organic compounds|class]] of [[w:organic compound|organic compound]]s, produced by a variety of [[w:plant|plant]]s, particularly [[w:Pinophyta|conifers]], and by some [[w:insect]]s.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones|author=Eberhard Breitmaier|year= 2006|isbn=9783527609949 |doi=10.1002/9783527609949|publisher=Wiley-VCH}}</ref>
'''Links about terpenes found in cannabis'''
* [http://www.bbhwithms.com/multiple-sclerosis-cannabis-its-all-about-the-terpenes/ 'Multiple Sclerosis & Cannabis: It’s All About The Terpenes'], a 2017 article
* [https://cannacon.org/15-terpenes-cannabis-explained/ '15 terpenes in cannabis explained'], a 2018 article by CannaCon.org
* [https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/terpenes 'Terpenes' by Fundación CANNA], a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific studies and cannabis testing
* [http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/mar/01/why-terpenes/ 'Why terpenes are becoming more important than THC'], a 2019 articleon the Spokesman.com
----
== Synthetic cannabinoids ==
'''[[w:Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]''' are a class of molecules that [[w:Binding affinity|bind]] to [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid receptor]]s in the body — the same receptors to which [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]] attach – which are [[w:cannabinoid|cannabinoid]]s in [[w:cannabis|cannabis]] plants. (Wikipedia)
'''Word of caution''': Many synthetic cannabinoids are '''dangerous''' and should not be administered by others than medical professionals.
* [[w:List of designer drugs#Synthetic cannabinoids|List of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
* [[w:Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids|Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
''' Links about synthetic cannabinoids '''
* [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/acea.htm CalgaryMMC.com lists ACEA] so this isn't one is probably not one of the harmful ones
'''[[w:Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide|Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide]]''' (ACEA) is a synthetic agonist of the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] receptor. (Wikipedia)
== Other plants that contain compounds that are active in cannabinoid receptors ==
# '''[[w:Echinacea|Echinacea]]''' contains N-alkyl[[w:amide|amide]]s, that function via cannabimemetics to provide immune-boosting and is also used to relieve anxiety, fatigue, migraines and arthritis.<ref name="LLF2018">https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/</ref>
# '''[[w:Black pepper|Black pepper]]''' contains high levels of the [[w:terpene|terpene]] called [[w:Caryophyllene|β-caryophyllene]] (BCP). BCP functions as a cannabinoid, and has a binding affinity with the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Flax|Flax]]''' (linen) seeds produce cannabinoid-like compounds very similar to CBD.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Cocoa bean|Cacao]]''' contains lots of magnesium, but also "happy-brain" chemicals like [[w:theobromine|theobromine]], [[w:phenethylamine|phenethylamine]], [[w:tryptophan|tryptophan]], and [[w:anandamide|anandamide]]. Cacao affects the endocannabinoid system by deactivating the enzyme called [[w:FAAH|FAAH]]. This enzyme breaks down the endocannabinoid known as anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Tuber melanosporum|Black truffle]]s''' contain anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Helichrysum|Helichrysum]] umbraculigerum''' contains cannabigerol (CBG).<ref name="LLF2018"/>
# '''[[w:Rhododendron|Rhododendron]] anthopogonoides''' (Chinese Labrador) contains anthopogocyclolic acid and anthopogochromenic acid and five related compounds known as synthetic analogues of cannabinoids: [[w:cannabichromene|cannabichromene]] (CBC) type, [[w:cannabicyclol|cannabicyclol]] (CBL) type and cannabicitran (CBT) type, have been isolated together with geranyl orsellinic acid. <ref name="LLF2018"/>
#'''[[w:Marchantiophyta|Liverwort]]''' contains [[w:Perrottetinene|Perrottetinene]], a cannabinoid similar to THC.<ref name="NewsweekLiverwort2018">https://www.newsweek.com/medical-marijuana-moss-plant-acts-thc-cannabis-1184661</ref><ref name="LLF2018"/>
* https://herb.co/learn/non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
* https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
* https://www.marijuana.com/news/2017/05/9-plants-that-contain-therapeutic-cannabinoids/


----
----
Retrieved from "https://wikistudy.byjuho.fi/regarding/Special:MobileDiff/4478"
We use only those cookies necessary for the functioning of the website.
More information